Tsarin gyare-gyare guda tara na yumbu na zirconia

Tsarin gyare-gyare guda tara na yumbu na zirconia
Tsarin ƙera yana taka rawa wajen haɗa dukkan tsarin shirya kayan yumbu, kuma shine mabuɗin tabbatar da ingancin aiki da kuma sake maimaita kayan yumbu da abubuwan da aka haɗa.
Tare da ci gaban al'umma, hanyar haɗa hannu ta gargajiya, hanyar samar da ƙafafu, hanyar grouting, da sauransu na tukwane na gargajiya ba za su iya biyan buƙatun al'ummar zamani don samarwa da tsaftacewa ba, don haka aka fara sabon tsarin ƙera. Ana amfani da kayan yumbu masu kyau na ZrO2 sosai a cikin nau'ikan ƙera guda 9 masu zuwa (nau'ikan hanyoyin busassu guda 2 da nau'ikan hanyoyin dasawa guda 7):

1. Busasshen gyaran fuska

1.1 Busar da matsi

Busasshen matsi yana amfani da matsin lamba don matsa foda na yumbu zuwa wani nau'i na jiki. Ma'anarsa ita ce, a ƙarƙashin ikon waje, ƙwayoyin foda suna kusantar juna a cikin mold, kuma suna haɗuwa sosai ta hanyar gogayya ta ciki don kiyaye wani siffa. Babban lahani a cikin jikin kore da aka matse busasshe shine ƙwanƙwasawa, wanda ya faru ne saboda gogayya ta ciki tsakanin foda da gogayya tsakanin foda da bangon mold, wanda ke haifar da asarar matsi a cikin jiki.

Amfanin matse busasshen itace girman jikin kore daidai ne, aikin yana da sauƙi, kuma yana da sauƙin aiwatar da aikin injin; abun da ke cikin danshi da mannewa a cikin matse busasshen kore ba shi da yawa, kuma raguwar busasshen da ƙonewa ƙarami ne. Ana amfani da shi galibi don samar da samfura masu siffofi masu sauƙi, kuma rabon al'amari ƙarami ne. Ƙara farashin samarwa da lalacewa ta hanyar mold shine rashin amfani da matse busasshen.

1.2 Matsi na Isostatic

Matsi na Isostatic wata hanya ce ta musamman da aka haɓaka bisa ga matsi na busasshe na gargajiya. Yana amfani da matsin lamba na watsa ruwa don shafa matsin lamba daidai gwargwado ga foda a cikin mold mai roba daga kowane bangare. Saboda daidaiton matsin lamba na ciki na ruwan, foda yana ɗaukar matsin lamba iri ɗaya a kowane bangare, don haka ana iya guje wa bambancin yawan jikin kore.

Matsi na Isostatic an raba shi zuwa matsi na isostatic da aka yi da rigar jakar da kuma matsi na isostatic da aka yi da bushe jakar. Matsi na isostatic da aka yi da rigar jakar da aka yi da rigar zai iya samar da kayayyaki masu siffofi masu rikitarwa, amma yana iya aiki ne kawai a lokaci-lokaci. Matsi na isostatic da aka yi da bushe jakar zai iya samar da aiki ta atomatik, amma zai iya samar da kayayyaki masu siffofi masu sauƙi kamar murabba'i, zagaye, da sassan giciye na tubular. Matsi na Isostatic zai iya samun jiki mai launin kore mai kama da juna, tare da ƙaramin raguwar harbi da raguwar iri ɗaya a kowane bangare, amma kayan aikin suna da rikitarwa kuma masu tsada, kuma ingancin samarwa ba shi da yawa, kuma ya dace ne kawai don samar da kayan da ke da buƙatu na musamman.

2. Yin jika

2.1 Yin amfani da grouting
Tsarin gyaran grouting yayi kama da simintin tef, bambancin shine tsarin gyaran ya haɗa da tsarin bushewar jiki da kuma tsarin hada sinadarai. Rashin ruwa a jiki yana cire ruwan da ke cikin slurry ta hanyar aikin capillary na mold mai ramuka. Ca2+ da aka samar ta hanyar narkewar saman CaSO4 yana ƙara ƙarfin ionic na slurry, wanda ke haifar da flocculation na slurry.
A ƙarƙashin tasirin bushewar jiki da kuma haɗakar sinadarai, ana ajiye ƙwayoyin foda na yumbu a kan bangon gypsum mold. Gogewa ya dace da shirya manyan sassan yumbu masu siffofi masu rikitarwa, amma ingancin jikin kore, gami da siffa, yawa, ƙarfi, da sauransu, ba shi da kyau, ƙarfin aiki na ma'aikata yana da yawa, kuma bai dace da ayyukan atomatik ba.

2.2 Zafin mutu mai zafi
Ana haɗa foda mai zafi da manne (paraffin) a zafin jiki mai yawa (60~100℃) don samun slurry don jefar da wuta mai zafi. Ana allurar slurry a cikin ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin tasirin iska mai matsewa, kuma ana kiyaye matsin lamba. Ana sanyaya, ana rushe kakin zuma don samun kakin zuma mara komai, ana cire kakin zuma mara komai a ƙarƙashin kariyar foda mara aiki don samun jiki mai kore, kuma jikin kore yana narkewa a zafin jiki mai yawa don ya zama porcelain.

Jikin kore da aka samar ta hanyar amfani da simintin zafi yana da daidaiton girma, tsarin ciki iri ɗaya, ƙarancin lalacewa ta mold da ingantaccen samarwa, kuma ya dace da kayan masarufi daban-daban. Ya kamata a kula da zafin da ke cikin kakin zuma da mold ɗin sosai, in ba haka ba zai haifar da allura ko lalacewa, don haka bai dace da ƙera manyan sassa ba, kuma tsarin harbi mai matakai biyu yana da rikitarwa kuma yawan amfani da makamashi yana da yawa.

2.3 Yin amfani da tef
Ana amfani da tef ɗin wajen haɗa foda na yumbu gaba ɗaya da adadi mai yawa na abubuwan ɗaurewa na halitta, masu amfani da robobi, masu wargazawa, da sauransu don samun slurry mai laushi mai gudana, ƙara slurry a cikin hopper na injin simintin, sannan a yi amfani da scraper don sarrafa kauri. Yana kwarara zuwa bel ɗin jigilar kaya ta hanyar bututun ciyarwa, kuma ana samun fim ɗin bayan bushewa.

Wannan tsari ya dace da shirya kayan fim. Domin samun sassauci mafi kyau, ana ƙara yawan abubuwan halitta, kuma ana buƙatar a sarrafa sigogin tsarin sosai, in ba haka ba zai haifar da lahani cikin sauƙi kamar barewa, ɗigon ruwa, ƙarancin ƙarfin fim ko wahalar barewa. Abin da ake amfani da shi na halitta yana da guba kuma zai haifar da gurɓatar muhalli, kuma ya kamata a yi amfani da tsarin da ba shi da guba ko kuma wanda ba shi da guba gwargwadon iko don rage gurɓatar muhalli.

2.4 Gilashin allurar gel
Fasahar ƙera gel wani sabon tsari ne na gwajin colloidal mai sauri wanda masu bincike a Oak Ridge National Laboratory suka ƙirƙira a farkon shekarun 1990. Babban aikinta shine amfani da mafita na monomer na halitta waɗanda ke canzawa zuwa gels masu ƙarfi da haɗin kai na polymer.

Ana jefa wani foda na yumbu da aka narkar a cikin ruwan monomers na halitta a cikin mold, kuma cakuda monomer ɗin ya yi polymer ya samar da wani ɓangare na gel. Tunda sinadarin polymer da aka haɗa a gefe yana ɗauke da polymer 10%–20% kawai (ƙasa mai yawa), yana da sauƙi a cire sinadarin daga ɓangaren gel ɗin ta hanyar bushewa. A lokaci guda, saboda haɗin gefen polymers, polymers ɗin ba za su iya ƙaura tare da sinadarin ba yayin aikin bushewa.

Ana iya amfani da wannan hanyar don ƙera sassan yumbu guda ɗaya da na haɗaka, waɗanda za su iya samar da sassan yumbu masu siffa mai rikitarwa, masu girman net, kuma ƙarfin korensa yana da girma har zuwa 20-30Mpa ko fiye, wanda za a iya sake sarrafawa. Babban matsalar wannan hanyar ita ce ƙimar raguwar jikin tayin yana da yawa yayin tsarin yawan yawa, wanda ke haifar da nakasa cikin sauƙi ga jikin tayin; wasu monomers na halitta suna da hana iskar oxygen, wanda ke sa saman ya bare ya faɗi; saboda tsarin polymerization na monomer na halitta wanda zafin jiki ke haifarwa, yana haifar da askewar zafin jiki yana haifar da wanzuwar damuwa ta ciki, wanda ke haifar da karyewar wuraren da ba a saka ba da sauransu.

2.5 Tsarin allurar da aka yi amfani da ita kai tsaye
Tsarin allurar ƙarfafawa kai tsaye fasaha ce ta gyaran fuska da ETH Zurich ta ƙirƙiro: ruwan narkewa, foda na yumbu da ƙari na halitta an haɗa su gaba ɗaya don samar da slurry mai ƙarfi, ƙarancin ɗanko, mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, wanda za'a iya canzawa ta hanyar ƙara pH na slurry ko sinadarai waɗanda ke ƙara yawan electrolyte, sannan a allura slurry ɗin a cikin mold mara ramuka.

Kula da ci gaban halayen sinadarai yayin aikin. Ana yin aikin kafin a yi allurar a hankali, ana rage danko na slurry, kuma ana hanzarta aikin bayan an yi allurar, slurry ɗin zai taurare, kuma ruwan slurry ɗin zai canza zuwa jiki mai ƙarfi. Jikin kore da aka samu yana da kyawawan halaye na injiniya kuma ƙarfinsa zai iya kaiwa 5kPa. Jikin kore yana narkewa, ya bushe kuma ya niƙa don samar da ɓangaren yumbu na siffar da ake so.

Amfaninsa shine ba ya buƙatar ko kuma kawai yana buƙatar ƙaramin adadin abubuwan da aka ƙara a cikin sinadarai (ƙasa da 1%), jikin kore ba ya buƙatar rage mai, yawan jikin kore iri ɗaya ne, yawan haɗin gwiwa yana da yawa (55% ~ 70%), kuma yana iya samar da manyan sassan yumbu masu siffa mai rikitarwa. Rashin kyawunsa shine cewa ƙarin yana da tsada, kuma galibi ana fitar da iskar gas yayin amsawar.

2.6 Gina allura
An daɗe ana amfani da ƙera allura wajen ƙera kayayyakin filastik da kuma ƙera ƙarfe. Wannan tsari yana amfani da ƙarancin zafin jiki na thermoplastic organics ko kuma yawan zafin jiki na thermosetting organics. Ana haɗa foda da mai ɗaukar sinadarai na organic a cikin kayan haɗin musamman, sannan a saka su cikin mold ɗin a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa (dubu zuwa ɗaruruwan MPa). Saboda babban matsin lamba na ƙera sinadarai, guraben da aka samu suna da ma'auni daidai, santsi mai yawa da kuma tsari mai ƙanƙanta; amfani da kayan aikin ƙera sinadarai na musamman yana inganta ingantaccen samarwa sosai.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980, an yi amfani da tsarin gyaran allura a kan gyaran sassan yumbu. Wannan tsari yana gano gyaran filastik na kayan da ba su da tsabta ta hanyar ƙara yawan sinadarai na halitta, wanda shine tsarin gyaran filastik na yumbu na yau da kullun. A cikin fasahar gyaran allura, ban da amfani da sinadarai na thermoplastic (kamar polyethylene, polystyrene), sinadarai na thermosetting (kamar resin epoxy, resin phenolic), ko polymers masu narkewa cikin ruwa a matsayin babban abin ɗaurewa, ya zama dole a ƙara wasu adadi na kayan taimako na tsari kamar su masu plasticizers, man shafawa da wakilan haɗin gwiwa don inganta ruwan dakatarwar allurar yumbu da kuma tabbatar da ingancin jikin allurar da aka ƙera.

Tsarin ƙera allurar yana da fa'idodi na babban matakin sarrafa kansa da kuma girman daidai na ƙera ta. Duk da haka, abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kore na sassan yumbu da aka ƙera ta allura suna da ƙarfin 50%. Yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo, har ma da kwanaki da yawa zuwa kwanaki da dama, don kawar da waɗannan abubuwan halitta a cikin tsarin ƙera ta hanyar tarkace, kuma yana da sauƙin haifar da lahani mai kyau.

2.7 Tsarin allurar colloidal
Domin magance matsalolin da ke tattare da yawan sinadarin da aka ƙara da kuma wahalar kawar da matsalolin da ke tattare da tsarin gyaran allurar gargajiya, Jami'ar Tsinghua ta gabatar da wani sabon tsari na gyaran allurar colloidal na yumbu, kuma ta ƙirƙiro samfurin gyaran allurar colloidal don samar da allurar da ba ta da tushe.

Babban manufar ita ce a haɗa tsarin colloidal da tsarin allura, ta amfani da kayan aikin allura na musamman da kuma sabuwar fasahar warkarwa da tsarin colloidal in-situ ya samar. Wannan sabon tsari yana amfani da ƙasa da kashi 4% na kwayoyin halitta. Ana amfani da ƙaramin adadin monomers na kwayoyin halitta ko mahaɗan halitta a cikin dakatarwar da aka yi bisa ruwa don haifar da polymerization na monomers na kwayoyin halitta bayan allura a cikin mold don samar da kwarangwal na hanyar sadarwa ta kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke naɗe foda na yumbu daidai gwargwado. Daga cikinsu, ba wai kawai lokacin degumming yana raguwa sosai ba, har ma da yuwuwar fashewar degumming yana raguwa sosai.

Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin allurar yumbu da kuma colloidal molding. Babban bambanci shine na farko yana cikin nau'in filastik molding, na biyu kuma yana cikin slurry molding, wato, slurry ba shi da filastik kuma abu ne mara amfani. Saboda slurry ba shi da filastik a cikin colloidal molding, ba za a iya ɗaukar ra'ayin gargajiya na allurar yumbu ba. Idan an haɗa colloidal molding tare da allurar molding, ana gano allurar colloidal na kayan yumbu ta amfani da kayan allura na musamman da sabuwar fasahar warkarwa da tsarin colloidal in-situ molding ya samar.

Sabuwar hanyar yin allurar colloidal na yumbu ta bambanta da tsarin colloidal na yau da kullun da kuma tsarin allurar gargajiya. Fa'idar babban matakin yin gyare-gyaren atomatik shine ingantaccen sublimation na tsarin gyaran colloidal, wanda zai zama bege ga masana'antar yumbu mai fasaha.