A fagen ƙera madaidaici, kuskuren gama gari shine cewa "mafi girma girma = ƙarfi mai ƙarfi = daidaito mafi girma". Tushen granite, tare da girman 2.6-2.8g/cm³ (7.86g/cm³ don simintin ƙarfe), ya sami daidaito wanda ya zarce na mitoci ko ma nanometers. Bayan wannan al'amari na "masu hankali" ya ta'allaka ne da haɗin kai mai zurfi na ma'adinai, injiniyoyi da dabarun sarrafawa. Mai zuwa yana nazarin ka'idodinsa na kimiyya daga manyan girma huɗu.
1. Density ≠ Rigidity: Matsayi mai mahimmanci na tsarin kayan aiki
The "na halitta saƙar zuma" crystal tsarin granite
Granite yana kunshe da lu'ulu'u na ma'adinai irin su ma'adini (SiO₂) da feldspar (KAlSi₃O₈), waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwar ionic/covalent bond, suna samar da tsari mai kama da saƙar zuma. Wannan tsarin yana ba shi da halaye na musamman:
Ƙarfin matsawa yana kama da na simintin ƙarfe: kaiwa 100-200 mpa (100-250 mpa don baƙin ƙarfe launin toka), amma modul na roba yana da ƙasa (70-100 gpa vs 160-200 gpa don simintin ƙarfe), wanda ke nufin ba shi da yuwuwar fuskantar nakasar filastik ƙarƙashin ƙarfi.
Sakin yanayi na damuwa na ciki: Granite ya tsufa sama da ɗaruruwan miliyoyin shekaru na hanyoyin tafiyar da yanayin ƙasa, kuma damuwa na cikin gida yana fuskantar sifili. Lokacin da aka sanyaya baƙin ƙarfe na simintin gyare-gyare (tare da yanayin sanyaya> 50 ℃ / s), an haifar da damuwa na ciki har zuwa 50-100 mpa, wanda ke buƙatar kawar da shi ta hanyar motsa jiki na wucin gadi. Idan maganin ba cikakke ba ne, yana da sauƙi ga nakasawa yayin amfani da dogon lokaci.
2. Tsarin ƙarfe na "lalata da yawa" na simintin ƙarfe
Simintin simintin gyare-gyaren ƙarfe ne-carbon gami, kuma yana da lahani irin su graphite flake, pores da kuma raguwar porosity a ciki.
Matrix graphite fragmentation matrix: Flake graphite yayi daidai da "microcracks" na ciki, wanda ya haifar da raguwar 30% -50% a ainihin wurin ɗaukar kaya na simintin ƙarfe. Kodayake ƙarfin matsawa yana da girma, ƙarfin ƙwanƙwasa yana da ƙananan (kawai 1 / 5-1 / 10 na ƙarfin matsawa), kuma yana da sauƙi ga raguwa saboda damuwa na gida.
Maɗaukaki mai yawa amma rarrabawar jama'a mara daidaituwa: ƙarfe na ƙarfe ya ƙunshi 2% zuwa 4% carbon. A lokacin simintin simintin gyare-gyare, rarrabuwar abubuwan carbon na iya haifar da juzu'i na ± 3%, yayin da granite yana da daidaiton rarraba ma'adinai sama da 95%, yana tabbatar da daidaiton tsari.
Na biyu, madaidaicin fa'idar ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙima: dual suppression of heat and vibration
"Fa'idar da ke tattare da ita" na kula da lalatawar thermal
Matsakaicin haɓakar haɓakar thermal ya bambanta sosai: granite shine 0.6-5 × 10⁻⁶ / ℃, yayin da baƙin ƙarfe shine 10-12 × 10⁻⁶ / ℃. Dauki tushe na mita 10 a matsayin misali. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya canza da 10 ℃:
Girman Granite da raguwa: 0.06-0.5mm
Simintin gyare-gyare da ƙaddamarwa: 1-1.2mm
Wannan bambanci yana sa granite kusan "lalacewar sifili" a cikin daidaitaccen yanayin da ake sarrafa zafin jiki (kamar ± 0.5 ℃ a cikin taron bita), yayin da simintin ƙarfe yana buƙatar ƙarin tsarin diyya na thermal.
Bambanci tsakanin thermal conductivity: The thermal conductivity na granite shine 2-3W / (m · K), wanda shine kawai 1 / 20-1 / 30 na baƙin ƙarfe (50-80W / (m · K)). A cikin yanayin dumama kayan aiki (kamar lokacin da zafin jiki na motar ya kai 60 ℃), ƙarancin zafin jiki na granite bai wuce 0.5 ℃ / m ba, yayin da na simintin ƙarfe zai iya kaiwa 5-8 ℃ / m, yana haifar da haɓakar gida mara daidaituwa kuma yana shafar madaidaiciyar dogo jagora.
2. Tasirin "damping na halitta" na raunin girgiza
Tsarin haɗin gwiwar na ciki na ciki na cikin gida: Micr-karuwa da baƙin ciki tsakanin lu'ulu'u na Grancite na iya lalata makamashi cikin sauri. Gwajin ya nuna cewa a girgizar 100Hz:
Yana ɗaukar daƙiƙa 0.1 don girman girman granite ya lalace zuwa 10%
Simintin ƙarfe yana ɗaukar daƙiƙa 0.8
Wannan bambance-bambancen yana ba da damar granite don daidaitawa nan take a cikin kayan aiki masu sauri mai sauri (kamar sikanin 2m/s na kan shafi), yana guje wa lahani na "alamomin girgiza".
Tasirin juzu'i na inertial mass: Ƙananan yawa yana nufin cewa taro ya fi ƙanƙanta a cikin ƙarar guda ɗaya, kuma ƙarfin inertial (F=ma) da lokacin (p=mv) na ɓangaren motsi sun kasance ƙasa. Misali, lokacin da aka haɓaka firam ɗin granite granite na mita 10 (mai nauyin tan 12) zuwa 1.5G idan aka kwatanta da firam ɗin simintin ƙarfe (ton 20), ana rage buƙatar ƙarfin tuƙi da 40%, tasirin farawa-tsaya yana raguwa, kuma ana ƙara inganta daidaiton matsayi.
Iii. Nasarar a cikin "ƙasa-ƙasa" daidaitaccen fasahar sarrafawa
1. Adaptability zuwa matsananci-daidaitaccen aiki
"Crystal-level" iko da nika da polishing: Ko da yake taurin dutse (6-7 a kan Mohs sikelin) ya fi na simintin ƙarfe (4-5 a kan Mohs sikelin), da ma'adinai tsarin ne uniform da za a iya atomically cire ta hanyar lu'u-lu'u abrasive + magnetorheological polishing ( guda polishing kauri <10nm. 02). Duk da haka, saboda kasancewar graphite taushi barbashi a cikin simintin ƙarfe, "furplough sakamako" yana da wuya ya faru a lokacin nika, da kuma surface roughness da wuya ya zama ƙasa da Ra 0.8μm.
Amfanin "ƙananan danniya" na injin CNC: Lokacin sarrafa granite, ƙarfin yanke shine kawai 1/3 na baƙin ƙarfe na simintin ƙarfe (saboda ƙarancin ƙarancinsa da ƙaramin nau'in roba), yana ba da damar saurin jujjuyawa (juyin juyayi 100,000 a cikin minti daya) da ƙimar ciyarwa (5000mm / min), rage lalata kayan aiki da haɓaka ingantaccen aiki. Wani shari'ar injina mai axis guda biyar yana nuna cewa lokacin aiki na ginshiƙan dogo na jagorar granite ya fi guntu 25% fiye da na simintin ƙarfe, yayin da daidaito ya inganta zuwa ± 2μm.
2. Bambance-bambance a cikin "tasirin tarawa" na kurakuran taro
Halin sarkar rage nauyi na sassa: Abubuwan kamar injina da titin jagora waɗanda aka haɗa tare da sansanoni masu ƙarancin yawa ana iya sauƙaƙa lokaci guda. Misali, lokacin da aka rage karfin injin linzamin kwamfuta da kashi 30%, samar da zafinsa da rawar jiki suma suna raguwa daidai da haka, suna samar da ingantacciyar zagayowar "ingantattun daidaito - rage yawan kuzari".
Tsayawa daidaici na dogon lokaci: Juriya na lalatawar granite shine sau 15 na simintin ƙarfe (quartz yana da juriya ga zaizayar acid da alkali). A cikin yanayin hazo na acid semiconductor, canjin yanayi bayan shekaru 10 na amfani bai wuce 0.02μm ba, yayin da simintin ƙarfe yana buƙatar ƙasa da gyara kowace shekara, tare da kuskuren tarawa na ± 20μm.
Iv. Shaidar Masana'antu: Mafi kyawun Misalin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafa ≠ Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafawa
Kayan aikin gwajin Semiconductor
Kwatanta bayanan wani dandalin duba wafer:
2. Madaidaicin kayan aikin gani
Bakin gano infrared na na'urar hangen nesa ta NASA ta James Webb an yi ta ne da granite. Daidai ne ta hanyar cin gajiyar ƙarancin ƙarancinsa (rage yawan nauyin tauraron dan adam) da ƙarancin haɓakar thermal (tsatse a yanayin zafi mara ƙarancin -270 ℃) an tabbatar da daidaiton matakin nano-matakin gani, yayin da haɗarin simintin ƙarfe ya zama gaggautsa a ƙananan yanayin zafi an kawar da shi.
Kammalawa: "Ma'ana ta gama gari" ƙirƙira a kimiyyar kayan aiki
Madaidaicin fa'idar tushen granite da gaske ya ta'allaka ne a cikin nasarar dabaru na kayan abu na "daidaita tsarin> yawa, kwanciyar hankali na girgiza zafi> tsauri mai sauƙi". Ba wai kawai ƙarancin ƙarancinsa ya zama wuri mai rauni ba, amma kuma ya sami nasarar tsallakewa daidai gwargwado ta matakan da suka haɗa da rage inertia, inganta yanayin kula da zafi, da daidaitawa zuwa aiki mai ma'ana. Wannan al'amari yana bayyana ainihin ka'idar masana'anta madaidaici: kaddarorin kayan aiki sune cikakkiyar ma'auni na ma'auni masu girma dabam maimakon tarawa mai sauƙi na alamomi guda ɗaya. Tare da ci gaban nanotechnology da masana'antun kore, ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa da kayan aikin granite suna sake fasalin fahimtar masana'antu na "nauyi" da "haske", "m" da "m", buɗe sababbin hanyoyi don masana'antu masu girma.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-19-2025