Menene na'ura mai daidaitawa?

Adaidaita injin aunawa(CMM) wata na'ura ce da ke auna ma'aunin lissafi na abubuwa na zahiri ta hanyar gano madaidaitan maki a saman abin tare da bincike.Ana amfani da nau'ikan bincike iri-iri a cikin CMMs, gami da injina, gani, Laser, da farin haske.Dangane da na'ura, mai aiki zai iya sarrafa matsayin bincike da hannu ko kuma ana iya sarrafa shi da kwamfuta.CMMs yawanci suna ƙididdige matsayin bincike dangane da ƙaura daga matsayin tunani a cikin tsarin daidaitawa Cartesian mai girma uku (watau tare da gatura na XYZ).Baya ga matsar da binciken tare da gatari X, Y, da Z, injuna da yawa kuma suna ba da damar sarrafa kusurwar binciken don ba da damar auna saman da ba za a iya isa ba.

Halin 3D "gada" CMM yana ba da damar motsin bincike tare da gatura uku, X, Y da Z, waɗanda ke daidai da juna a cikin tsarin daidaitawa Cartesian mai girma uku.Kowane axis yana da firikwensin firikwensin da ke lura da matsayin binciken akan wannan axis, yawanci tare da madaidaicin micrometer.Lokacin da binciken ya tuntuɓi (ko akasin haka) wani wuri na musamman akan abun, injin yana yin samfurin na'urori masu auna matsayi uku, don haka auna wurin da maki ɗaya ke saman abin, da ma'aunin ma'aunin 3-dimensional vector da aka ɗauka.Ana maimaita wannan tsari kamar yadda ya cancanta, yana motsa binciken kowane lokaci, don samar da "girgije mai ma'ana" wanda ke bayyana wuraren da ake sha'awa.

Amfani da CMM na gama gari shine a cikin masana'antu da tafiyar matakai don gwada sashe ko taro akan manufar ƙira.A cikin irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen, ana haifar da gizagizai masu ma'ana waɗanda aka bincika ta hanyar algorithms regression don gina fasali.Ana tattara waɗannan maki ta amfani da bincike wanda aka sanya shi da hannu ta mai aiki ko ta atomatik ta Ikon Kwamfuta (DCC).Ana iya tsara DCC CMMs don auna sassa iri ɗaya akai-akai;don haka CMM mai sarrafa kansa wani nau'i ne na mutum-mutumi na masana'antu na musamman.

Sassan

Injin auna daidaitawa sun haɗa da manyan abubuwa guda uku:

• Babban tsari wanda ya haɗa da gatari uku na motsi.Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su don gina firam ɗin motsi ya bambanta cikin shekaru.An yi amfani da Granite da karfe a farkon CMM's.A yau duk manyan masana'antun CMM suna gina firam daga alloy na aluminium ko wasu abubuwan da aka samo asali kuma suna amfani da yumbu don haɓaka taurin axis Z don aikace-aikacen dubawa.Kadan daga cikin maginin CMM a yau har yanzu suna kera firam ɗin CMM saboda buƙatun kasuwa don ingantattun kuzarin awoyi da haɓaka haɓaka don shigar da CMM a waje da ingantaccen lab.Yawanci ƙananan ƙananan CMM magini da masana'antun gida a China da Indiya har yanzu suna kera CMM granite saboda ƙarancin fasaha da shigarwa mai sauƙi don zama maginin CMM.Haɓaka haɓaka don dubawa kuma yana buƙatar axis CMM Z ya kasance mai ƙarfi kuma an gabatar da sabbin kayan kamar yumbu da siliki carbide.
• Tsarin bincike
• Tsarin tattara bayanai da raguwa - yawanci ya haɗa da mai sarrafa na'ura, kwamfutar tebur da software na aikace-aikace.

samuwa

Waɗannan injunan na iya zama masu tsayawa kyauta, na hannu da kuma šaukuwa.

Daidaito

Daidaiton injunan aunawa yawanci ana ba da su azaman rashin tabbas azaman aiki akan nisa.Don CMM ta amfani da binciken taɓawa, wannan yana da alaƙa da maimaitawar binciken da daidaiton ma'auni.Maimaita bincike na yau da kullun na iya haifar da ma'auni tsakanin .001mm ko .00005 inch (rabi na goma) akan ɗaukacin girman duka.Don injunan axis 3, 3+2, da 5, ana daidaita bincike akai-akai ta amfani da matakan ganowa kuma ana tabbatar da motsin injin ta amfani da ma'auni don tabbatar da daidaito.

Musamman sassa

Jikin inji

Kamfanin Ferranti na Scotland ne ya kirkiro CMM na farko a cikin shekarun 1950 sakamakon bukatar kai tsaye don auna daidaitattun kayan aikin sojan su, kodayake wannan injin yana da gatari 2 kawai.Na farko 3-axis model fara bayyana a cikin 1960s (DEA na Italiya) da kuma sarrafa kwamfuta debuted a farkon 1970s amma na farko aiki CMM aka ɓullo da kuma sanya a sayarwa Browne & Sharpe a Melbourne, Ingila.(Leitz Jamus daga baya ya samar da ƙayyadadden tsarin injin tare da tebur mai motsi.

A cikin injina na zamani, babban tsarin gantry yana da ƙafafu biyu kuma galibi ana kiransa gada.Wannan yana motsawa da yardar kaina tare da tebur na granite tare da ƙafa ɗaya (sau da yawa ana kiransa ƙafar ciki) yana bin hanyar dogo mai jagora da ke haɗe gefe ɗaya na tebur ɗin granite.Ƙafafun kishiyar (sau da yawa a waje kafa) kawai yana kan teburin granite yana biye da kwandon saman tsaye.Jirgin sama hanya ce da aka zaɓa don tabbatar da tafiye-tafiye kyauta.A cikin waɗannan, an tilastawa matsewar iska ta jerin ƙananan ramuka a cikin fili mai ɗaki don samar da matashin iska mai santsi amma sarrafawa wanda CMM zai iya motsawa cikin kusancin da ba shi da ƙarfi wanda za'a iya biya ta hanyar software.Motsin gada ko gantry tare da teburin granite ya samar da axis ɗaya na jirgin XY.Gadar gantry tana ƙunshe da wani abin hawa wanda ke ratsa tsakanin ƙafafu na ciki da waje kuma ya samar da sauran axis na X ko Y.Axis na motsi na uku (Z axis) ana samar da shi ta hanyar ƙara ƙugiya ko sandal a tsaye wanda ke motsawa sama da ƙasa ta tsakiyar karusar.Binciken taɓawa yana samar da na'urar ganowa a ƙarshen ƙulli.Motsi na gatari X, Y da Z yana bayyana cikakken ambulan aunawa.Za a iya amfani da allunan jujjuya na zaɓi don haɓaka kusancin ma'aunin binciken zuwa rikitattun kayan aiki.Teburin jujjuyawar a matsayin axis na tuƙi na huɗu baya haɓaka ma'aunin ma'auni, wanda ya kasance 3D, amma yana ba da matakin sassauci.Wasu na'urori masu taɓawa da kansu suke da ƙarfin jujjuyawa tare da tip ɗin bincike yana iya jujjuyawa a tsaye ta sama da digiri 180 kuma ta cikakkiyar jujjuyawar digiri 360.

Hakanan ana samun CMM a wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri ne.Waɗannan sun haɗa da makamai na CMM waɗanda ke amfani da ma'aunin kusurwa da aka ɗauka a haɗin gwiwar hannu don ƙididdige matsayin tip ɗin stylus, kuma ana iya sawa su da na'urori masu bincike don duba laser da hoton gani.Irin waɗannan CMMs galibi ana amfani da su ne inda ɗaukar nauyinsu ke da fa'ida akan tsayayyen gado na gargajiya CMMs- ta hanyar adana wuraren da aka auna, software na shirye-shirye kuma yana ba da damar motsa hannun ma'auni da kanta, da ƙarar ma'aunin sa, a kusa da ɓangaren da za a auna yayin aikin yau da kullun.Saboda makamai na CMM suna kwaikwayi sassaucin hannun ɗan adam suma galibi suna iya isa cikin rikitattun sassa waɗanda ba za a iya bincika su ta amfani da daidaitaccen injin axis guda uku ba.

Injiniyan bincike

A farkon lokacin ma'aunin daidaitawa (CMM), an shigar da binciken injina a cikin wani abin riƙewa na musamman a ƙarshen ƙulli.An yi wani bincike na yau da kullun ta hanyar sayar da ƙwallo mai wuya zuwa ƙarshen sandar.Wannan ya dace don auna gabaki ɗaya na lebur fuska, cylindrical ko saman fili.Sauran binciken sun kasance ƙasa zuwa takamaiman siffofi, misali guda huɗu, don ba da damar auna sifofi na musamman.An gudanar da waɗannan binciken ta jiki a kan kayan aikin tare da matsayi a sararin samaniya da ake karantawa daga 3-axis digital readout (DRO) ko, a cikin ƙarin ci gaba, ana shigar da su cikin kwamfuta ta hanyar abin sawu ko makamancin haka.Matakan da aka ɗauka ta wannan hanyar tuntuɓar galibi ba su da aminci yayin da injina ke motsawa da hannu kuma kowane ma'aikacin na'ura ya yi amfani da matsi daban-daban akan binciken ko kuma ya ɗauki dabaru daban-daban don aunawa.

Wani ci gaba na ci gaba shine ƙari na injuna don tuƙi kowane axis.Masu aiki ba dole ba ne su taɓa na'urar a zahiri amma suna iya tuƙi kowace axis ta amfani da akwatin hannu mai farin farin ciki kamar yadda ake amfani da motocin zamani masu sarrafa nesa.daidaiton aunawa da daidaito sun inganta sosai tare da ƙirƙira na'urar bugun faɗakarwa.Majagaba na wannan sabuwar na'urar bincike shine David McMurtry wanda daga baya ya kafa abin da ake kira Renihaw plc.Ko da yake har yanzu na'urar tuntuɓar, binciken yana da stylus na karfe mai ɗorewa (daga baya ruby ​​ball).Yayin da binciken ya taɓo saman sashin sai stylus ya karkata kuma a lokaci guda ya aika bayanan haɗin gwiwar X,Y,Z zuwa kwamfutar.Kurakurai na auna da masu aiki ɗaya ke haifarwa sun ragu kuma an saita matakin ƙaddamar da ayyukan CNC da zuwan shekarun CMMs.

Binciken na gani sune ruwan tabarau-CCD-tsarin, waɗanda aka motsa kamar na injiniyoyi, kuma an yi niyya a wurin sha'awa, maimakon taɓa kayan.Hoton da aka ɗauka na saman za a rufe shi a cikin iyakokin taga aunawa, har sai ragowar ya isa ya bambanta tsakanin yankunan baki da fari.Za'a iya ƙididdige maƙalar rarraba zuwa aya, wanda shine ma'aunin da ake so a sarari.Bayanin kwance akan CCD shine 2D (XY) kuma matsayi na tsaye shine matsayin cikakken tsarin bincike akan tashar Z-drive (ko wani bangaren na'ura).

Tsarin binciken bincike

Akwai sabbin samfura waɗanda ke da bincike waɗanda ke jan saman ɓangaren ɓangaren suna ɗaukar maki a ƙayyadaddun tazara, waɗanda aka sani da binciken bincike.Wannan hanyar binciken CMM sau da yawa ya fi daidai fiye da hanyar binciken taɓawa ta al'ada kuma mafi yawan lokuta da sauri ma.

Na gaba tsara na dubawa, da aka sani da noncontact scanning, wanda ya hada da high gudun Laser batu triangulation, Laser line scan, da farin haske sikanin, yana ci gaba da sauri.Wannan hanyar tana amfani da ko dai firam ɗin leza ko farin haske waɗanda aka yi hasashe a saman ɓangaren.Ana iya ɗaukar dubunnan maki da yawa sannan a yi amfani da su ba kawai don bincika girman da matsayi ba, amma don ƙirƙirar hoton 3D na ɓangaren kuma.Ana iya canza wannan "bayanan-girgije" zuwa software na CAD don ƙirƙirar samfurin 3D mai aiki na ɓangaren.Ana amfani da waɗannan na'urorin na'urar daukar hoto sau da yawa akan sassa masu laushi ko masu laushi ko don sauƙaƙe aikin injiniya na baya.

Binciken Micrometrology

Tsarukan bincike don aikace-aikacen metrology microscale wani yanki ne mai tasowa.Akwai injunan auna ma'aunin kasuwanci da yawa (CMM) waɗanda ke da microprobe wanda aka haɗa cikin tsarin, tsarin ƙwararru da yawa a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na gwamnati, da kowane adadin dandali da aka gina a jami'a don yanayin awo na ƙarami.Kodayake waɗannan injunan suna da kyau kuma a lokuta da yawa kyawawan dandamali na metrology tare da ma'auni na nanometric, ƙayyadaddun su na farko abin dogaro ne, mai ƙarfi, bincike na micro/nano.^{[abin da ake bukata]}Kalubale don fasahar bincike na microscale sun haɗa da buƙatar babban binciken rabo mai girma wanda ke ba da damar samun dama ga zurfi, kunkuntar siffofi tare da ƙananan ƙarfin hulɗa don kada ya lalata ƙasa da kuma daidaitattun daidaito (matakin nanometer).^{[abin da ake bukata]}Bugu da ƙari, bincike na microscale suna da sauƙi ga yanayin muhalli kamar zafi da hulɗar saman ƙasa kamar stiction (wanda ya haifar da mannewa, meniscus, da/ko sojojin Van der Waals da sauransu).^{[abin da ake bukata]}

Fasaha don cimma binciken microscale sun haɗa da ƙaddamar da sigar bincike na CMM na al'ada, binciken gani, da binciken igiyar ruwa da sauransu.Koyaya, fasahar gani na yau da kullun ba za a iya ƙididdige ƙananan isa don auna zurfi, kunkuntar siffa, kuma ƙudurin gani yana iyakance ta tsawon haske.Hoton X-ray yana ba da hoton fasalin amma babu bayanin awo da ake iya ganowa.

Ka'idodin jiki

Ana iya amfani da na'urorin bincike na gani da/ko na'urar laser (idan zai yiwu a hade), wanda ke canza CMMs zuwa ma'auni na microscopes ko injunan auna firikwensin da yawa.Tsarin tsinkaya na fringe, tsarin triangulation na theodolite ko tsarin laser nesa da tsarin triangulation ba a kiran su injin aunawa, amma sakamakon aunawa iri ɗaya ne: wurin sarari.Ana amfani da bincike na Laser don gano tazarar da ke tsakanin saman da wurin da ake magana a ƙarshen sarkar kinematic (watau ƙarshen ɓangaren Z-drive).Wannan na iya amfani da aikin interferometric, bambancin mayar da hankali, karkatar da haske ko ƙa'idar inuwar katako.

Injin auna daidaitawa masu ɗaukar nauyi

Ganin cewa CMM na al'ada suna amfani da binciken da ke motsawa akan gatari guda uku na Cartesian don auna halayen zahirin abu, CMMs masu ɗaukar hoto suna amfani da ko dai fayyace hannaye ko, a cikin yanayin CMM na gani, tsarin dubawa mara hannu wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin triangulation na gani kuma yana ba da cikakkiyar yancin motsi. a kusa da abu.

CMM masu ɗaukuwa da keɓaɓɓun hannaye suna da gatura shida ko bakwai waɗanda aka sanye da incoders na juyi, maimakon gaturai na layi.Hannu masu ɗaukar nauyi ba su da nauyi (yawanci ƙasa da fam 20) kuma ana iya ɗauka da amfani da su kusan ko'ina.Koyaya, ana ƙara amfani da CMM na gani a cikin masana'antar.An ƙera shi da ƙananan kyamarorin linzamin kwamfuta ko matrix (kamar Microsoft Kinect), CMM na gani sun fi CMMs šaukuwa da hannu, ba su da wayoyi, kuma suna ba masu amfani damar ɗaukar ma'aunin 3D na kowane nau'in abubuwa da ke kusan ko'ina.

Wasu aikace-aikacen da ba a maimaita su ba kamar injiniyan juye-juye, saurin samfuri, da babban sikelin dubawa na sassa na kowane girma sun dace da CMM masu ɗaukar nauyi.Fa'idodin CMM masu ɗaukuwa suna da yawa.Masu amfani suna da sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin ɗaukar ma'aunin 3D na kowane nau'in sassa kuma a cikin mafi nisa/wuri masu wahala.Suna da sauƙin amfani kuma basa buƙatar yanayi mai sarrafawa don ɗaukar ma'auni daidai.Haka kuma, CMM masu ɗaukar nauyi suna da tsada fiye da CMM na gargajiya.

Abubuwan ciniki na asali na CMM masu ɗaukar hoto aiki ne na hannu (kullum suna buƙatar ɗan adam ya yi amfani da su).Bugu da kari, daidaiton su gaba daya na iya zama kadan kadan fiye da na nau'in gada CMM kuma bai dace da wasu aikace-aikace ba.

Multisensor-aunawa inji

Fasahar CMM ta al'ada ta amfani da binciken taɓawa a yau galibi ana haɗa su tare da sauran fasahar aunawa.Wannan ya haɗa da Laser, bidiyo ko farin firikwensin haske don samar da abin da aka sani da ma'aunin multisensor.