Labarai - Menene haɗin granites?

Menene abun da ke cikin granites?

Graniteshine dutsen da ya fi shiga cikin ɓawon duniya, An san shi da dutse mai launin ruwan hoda mai launin fari, launin toka, da baƙi. Yana da kauri zuwa matsakaici. Manyan ma'adanai guda uku sune feldspar, quartz, da mica, waɗanda ke faruwa a matsayin muscovite na azurfa ko biotite mai duhu ko duka biyun. Daga cikin waɗannan ma'adanai, feldspar ya fi rinjaye, kuma quartz yawanci yana da fiye da kashi 10 cikin ɗari. Feldspars na alkali galibi suna da ruwan hoda, wanda ke haifar da ruwan hoda granite wanda galibi ake amfani da shi azaman dutse mai ado. Granite yana yin lu'ulu'u daga magmas masu arzikin silica waɗanda ke da nisan mil a cikin ɓawon duniya. Yawancin ma'adanai suna samuwa kusa da jikin granite mai lu'ulu'u daga maganin hydrothermal wanda irin waɗannan jikuna ke fitarwa.

Rarrabawa

A saman ɓangaren rarraba duwatsun plutonic na QAPF (Streckeisen, 1976), an ayyana filin granite ta hanyar tsarin ma'aunin quartz (Q 20 – 60%) da kuma rabon P/(P + A) tsakanin 10 da 65. Filin granite ya ƙunshi ƙananan filayen guda biyu: syenogranite da monzogranite. Duwatsun da ke fitowa a cikin syenogranite kawai ake ɗaukarsu granites a cikin adabin Anglo-Saxon. A cikin adabin Turai, duwatsun da ke fitowa a cikin syenogranite da monzogranite ana kiransu granites. Filin monzogranite ya ƙunshi adamellite da quartz monzonite a cikin tsoffin rarrabuwa. Kwamitin Kula da Dutse ya ba da shawarar a ƙi kalmar adamellite kwanan nan kuma a sanya mata suna monzonite quartz kawai da ke fitowa a cikin filin monzonite na quartz sensu stricto.

Sinadarin Sinadarai

Matsakaicin sinadarin granite a duk duniya, ta hanyar kashi ɗaya bisa ɗari na nauyi,

bisa ga nazarin 2485:

SiO2 72.04% (silica)
Al2O3 14.42% (alumina)
K2O 4.12%
Na2O3.69%
CaO1.82%
FeO1.68%
Fe2O3 1.22%
MgO 0.71%
TiO2 0.30%
P2O5 0.12%
MnO 0.05%

Kullum yana ƙunshe da ma'adanai quartz da feldspar, tare da ko ba tare da nau'ikan ma'adanai iri-iri ba (ma'adanai na kayan haɗi). Quartz da feldspar gabaɗaya suna ba granite launi mai haske, daga ruwan hoda zuwa fari. Wannan launin bango mai haske yana da ma'adanai masu duhu. Don haka granite na gargajiya yana da kamannin "gishiri da barkono". Ma'adanai masu amfani da aka fi sani sune baƙar mica biotite da baƙar amphibole hornblende. Kusan duk waɗannan duwatsun suna da igneous (sun taurare daga magma) da plutonic (sun yi hakan a cikin babban jiki, wanda aka binne sosai ko pluton). Tsarin bazuwar hatsi a cikin granite - rashin masaka - shaida ne na asalin plutonic. Dutse mai irin wannan abun da ke ciki kamar granite na iya samuwa ta hanyar dogon tsari mai ƙarfi na duwatsun sedimentary. Amma irin wannan dutsen yana da masaka mai ƙarfi kuma yawanci ana kiransa granite gneiss.

Yawan Narkewa + Wurin Narkewa

Matsakaicin yawansa yana tsakanin 2.65 da 2.75 g/cm3, ƙarfin matsewarsa yawanci yana sama da 200 MPa, kuma ɗankonsa kusa da STP shine 3-6 • 1019 Pa·s. Zafin narkewa shine 1215–1260 °C. Yana da ƙarancin ƙarfin farko amma ƙarfin ƙarfinsa na biyu.

Faduwar Dutsen Granite

Ana samunsa a cikin manyan plutons a nahiyoyi, a wuraren da ɓawon duniya ya yi zurfi. Wannan yana da ma'ana, domin granite dole ne ya taurare a hankali a wurare masu zurfi don samar da irin waɗannan manyan ƙwayoyin ma'adinai. Ana kiran Plutons waɗanda ba su kai murabba'in kilomita 100 a yanki da hannun jari ba, kuma manyan ana kiransu batholiths. Lavas yana fashewa a ko'ina cikin Duniya, amma lava mai irin wannan abun da granite (rhyolite) yana fashewa ne kawai a nahiyoyi. Wannan yana nufin cewa granite dole ne ya samar ta hanyar narkewar duwatsun nahiyoyi. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda dalilai biyu: ƙara zafi da ƙara abubuwa masu canzawa (ruwa ko carbon dioxide ko duka biyun). Nahiyoyi suna da zafi sosai saboda suna ɗauke da yawancin uranium da potassium na duniya, waɗanda ke dumama kewayensu ta hanyar lalata rediyoaktif. Duk inda ɓawon ya yi kauri yakan yi zafi a ciki (misali a cikin Tibet Plateau). Kuma tsarin farantin tectonics, galibi subduction, na iya haifar da magmas na basaltic ya tashi a ƙarƙashin nahiyoyi. Baya ga zafi, waɗannan magmas suna fitar da CO2 da ruwa, wanda ke taimakawa duwatsu iri-iri su narke a ƙananan yanayin zafi. Ana tsammanin cewa ana iya liƙa adadi mai yawa na magma na basaltic zuwa ƙasan nahiyar ta hanyar da ake kira underplating. Tare da sakin zafi da ruwa a hankali daga wannan basalt, babban adadin ɓawon nahiya zai iya komawa dutse mai daraja a lokaci guda.

Ina aka samo shi?

Zuwa yanzu, an san cewa ana samunsa a Duniya ne kawai a cikin dukkan nahiyoyi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ɓawon nahiya. Ana samun wannan dutsen a cikin ƙananan tarin halittu masu kama da na ƙasa da 100 km², ko kuma a cikin batholiths waɗanda ke cikin jerin tsaunukan orogenic. Tare da sauran nahiyoyi da duwatsu masu laushi, galibi suna samar da tushen gangaren ƙasa. Hakanan ana samunsa a cikin lacolites, ramuka da ƙofofi. Kamar yadda yake a cikin abun da ke cikin granite, sauran bambance-bambancen duwatsu sune alpids da pegmatites. Manne masu ƙarancin girman barbashi fiye da yadda suke faruwa a iyakokin hare-haren granite. Pegmatites masu granular fiye da granite gabaɗaya suna raba ma'ajiyar granite.

Amfani da Granite

Masarawa na dā sun gina dala daga dutse mai daraja da duwatsu masu daraja.
Sauran amfani da ake yi a zamanin da a Masar sune ginshiƙai, layukan ƙofofi, sills, gyare-gyare da kuma rufin bango da bene.
Rajaraja Chola Daular Chola a Kudancin Indiya, a ƙarni na 11 AD a birnin Tanjore a Indiya, ta yi babban dutse a duniya. An gina Haikalin Brihadeeswarar, wanda aka keɓe ga Ubangiji Shiva, a shekara ta 1010.
A Daular Romawa, dutse ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na kayan gini da kuma harshen gine-gine mai girma.
Ana amfani da shi sosai a matsayin dutse mai girma. Ya dogara ne akan gogewa, ya kasance dutse mai amfani saboda tsarinsa wanda ke karɓar tauri da sheƙi da gogewa don ɗaukar nauyi bayyananne.
Ana amfani da shi a cikin sararin ciki don shimfidar dutse mai gogewa, tayal, benci, benaye na tayal, matattakalar matakala da sauran fasaloli masu amfani da ado.

Na Zamani

Ana amfani da shi don duwatsun kabari da abubuwan tarihi.
Ana amfani da shi don dalilai na bene.
Injiniyoyi sun saba amfani da faranti masu laushi na dutse don ƙirƙirar tsarin tunani saboda ba sa shiga cikin ruwa kuma ba sa sassauƙa.

Samar da Granite

Ana haƙo shi a duk duniya amma yawancin launuka masu ban mamaki suna fitowa ne daga ma'adinan granite a Brazil, Indiya, China, Finland, Afirka ta Kudu da Arewacin Amurka. Wannan haƙo dutse tsari ne mai ɗaukar hankali da aiki. Ana cire guntun granite daga ma'adinan ta hanyar yankewa ko feshi. Ana amfani da na'urori na musamman don yanke guntun granite zuwa faranti masu ɗaukuwa, waɗanda daga nan ake tattara su kuma a jigilar su ta hanyar layin dogo ko ayyukan jigilar kaya. China, Brazil da Indiya sune manyan masana'antun granite a duniya.

Kammalawa

Dutse da aka sani da "baƙar granite" yawanci gabbro ne wanda ke da tsarin sinadarai daban-daban.
Ita ce dutse mafi yawan gaske a cikin ɓawon nahiya ta Duniya. A manyan yankuna da aka sani da batholiths da kuma a cikin yankunan nahiya da aka sani da garkuwa, ana samun su a tsakiyar wurare da yawa na tsaunuka.
Gilashin ma'adinai suna nuna cewa yana sanyaya a hankali daga abin da aka narke a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma yana buƙatar lokaci mai tsawo.
Idan aka fallasa dutse a saman Duniya, to hakan yana faruwa ne sakamakon hauhawar duwatsun granite da kuma lalacewar duwatsun da ke samansa.
A ƙarƙashin duwatsun sedimentary, granites, granites masu canzawa ko duwatsu masu alaƙa galibi suna ƙarƙashin wannan murfin. Daga baya ana kiransu da duwatsun ginshiki.
Ma'anoni da ake amfani da su ga granite galibi suna haifar da sadarwa game da dutsen kuma wani lokacin suna haifar da rudani. Wani lokaci ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa. Akwai hanyoyi uku na bayyana granite.
Za a iya kwatanta wani abu mai sauƙi a kan duwatsu, tare da ma'adanai na granite, mica da amphibole, a matsayin wani dutse mai kauri, mai haske, mai kama da sihiri wanda ya ƙunshi galibin feldspar da quartz.
Kwararren dutse zai fayyace ainihin abin da dutsen yake, kuma yawancin ƙwararru ba za su yi amfani da granite don gano dutsen ba sai dai idan ya cika wani kaso na ma'adanai. Suna iya kiransa alkaline granite, granodiorite, pegmatite ko aplite.
Ma'anar kasuwanci da masu siyarwa da masu siye ke amfani da ita galibi ana kiranta da duwatsu masu launin granular waɗanda suka fi tauri fiye da granite. Suna iya kiran granite na gabro, basalt, pegmatite, gneiss da sauran duwatsu da yawa.
Gabaɗaya ana bayyana shi a matsayin "dutse mai girma" wanda za a iya yanke shi zuwa wasu tsayi, faɗi da kauri.
Granite yana da ƙarfi sosai don jure yawancin gogewa, manyan nauyi, juriya ga yanayin yanayi da kuma karɓar varnish. Dutse mai matuƙar amfani kuma mai amfani.
Duk da cewa farashin dutse ya fi na sauran kayan da ɗan adam ya yi amfani da su wajen ayyukan, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani abu mai daraja da ake amfani da shi don rinjayar wasu saboda kyawunsa, dorewarsa da kuma ingancinsa.